[摘要]目的 探讨皮肤微囊肿性附属器癌(MAC)的临床病理特点、诊断及治疗,旨在提高对该病的认识。方法 对我院1例发生于左大腿的MAC进行病理形态学及免疫组化标记观察,并复习相关文献。结果 患者女性,48岁,临床表现为左大腿部手术瘢痕周围瘙痒。组织学表现为肿瘤通常见于真皮层内,部分浸润到皮下组织,瘤细胞由基底样细胞及鳞状细胞组成的团块、巢状、条索状或腺管样结构,可见角质囊肿形成;瘤细胞团间为宽窄不一的纤维间隔,腺管样结构管腔较小,内衬单层或双层立方细胞,腔内含嗜伊红均质状物;细胞轻度异型,核染色质粗,可见小核仁。结论 皮肤MAC是一种向毛囊和汗腺分化的罕见低度恶性附属器肿瘤,生长缓慢,有其独特的组织形态和免疫表型。目前以手术完整切除为主要治疗方法,术后密切随访。
[关键词]癌;附属器;微囊肿;左大腿;临床病理
[中图分类号] R739.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2018)12(b)-0004-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore clinical pathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC), in order to improve the awareness about the disease. Methods The pathological features and immunohistochemical markers of the patient with MAC in the left thigh treated in our hospital were observed, and the relevant literatures were reviewed. Results The patient was a female, 48 years old, who was itched around operation scar in the left thigh. Histologically, the tumor was located in the dermis and partially invaded to the subcutaneous tissue. The cells were demonstrated in clumps, nests, strips or glandular tubular structures which were composed of basal cells and squamous cells. Small keratinizing cysts were also observed. There was wide and narrow fibrous in mesenchyme. The glandular structures were composed of single-layer or double-layer cubic cells with the eosinophilic homogeneity in gland cavity. The cells were slightly heterogenous, with thick chromatin and small nucleoli. Conclusion MAC is a rare low-grade malignant adnexal carcinoma that mostly related to pilar and eccrine differentiation. It grows slowly with unique characteristic histology and immunophenotype. Currently the complete removal of the tumor is an optimal main therapy with closely follow-up after surgery.
[Key words] Carcinoma; Adnexal; Microcystic; Left thigh; Pathological characteristics
皮膚微囊肿性附属器癌(Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma,MAC)是汗腺癌的一种特殊亚型,又称硬化性汗腺导管癌,好发于头面部和颈部,临床罕见,有向毛囊及汗腺双分化的特点。自1982年Goldstein等[1]报道首例以来,目前个案报道仅300多例,国内相关文献报道较少,国外文献报道近年显著增加[2]。由于对其认识不足,当组织病变表浅或活检组织取材较小时,特别容易误诊为良性病变。若肿瘤发生于非典型部位,且生长缓慢、病程长,极易漏诊,切除不彻底时可复发,给患者造成严重后果,是临床诊断的难点。本例患者发病于左大腿,通过形态学观察及免疫组化辅助诊断,最终确诊为MAC。其发病部位非常少见,现详细报道该病例并复习相关文献,探讨其临床病理特点、诊断、治疗及预后等,以期进一步提高临床对该病的认识与鉴别。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
患者女性,48岁。因左大腿部手术瘢痕周围瘙痒2年,于2018年9月来我院就诊。患者6年前无明显诱因左大腿出现1 cm×1 cm的包块,于当地医院行肿块切除,手术顺利,术后未做病理检测,未复发。近2年来患者自觉左大腿部手术瘢痕周围瘙痒。体格检查:一般情况好,各系统检查未见异常。实验室检查:血常规、肝肾功能未见异常。皮肤科检查见左大腿部有长约5 cm的手术瘢痕,稍高出皮肤,肤色深红,质地较软,无触痛及活动,无破溃及流脓。患者家族无类似病史,无放射线、化学物质等接触史。病理诊断明确后半月再次行扩大切除术,患者出院时情况好。
1.2方法
送检组织用4%中性甲醛液固定,常规石蜡包埋、切片、苏木精-伊红染色,进行形态学观察;然后采用Max Vision两步法做免疫组化,二氨基联苯胺(Diaminobenzidine,DAB)显色,进一步明确组织分化方向。所用抗体广谱型细胞角蛋白CK(pan)(克隆号AE1/AE3)、癌胚抗原CEA(克隆号COL-1)、上皮特异性抗原Ep-CAM(克隆号Ber-EP4)均为即用型,均为鼠抗人单克隆抗体。所用抗体均购自福州迈新生物技术开发有限公司。
1.3观察指标
观察患者的临床特点及巨检、镜检、免疫组化特征。
2结果
2.1巨检特征分析
带皮肤组织一块,大小3.0 cm×2.0 cm×1.2 cm,梭形皮肤3 cm×1.6 cm,表面灰黄色、皱缩,切面见一个1.2 cm×0.8 cm×0.6 cm的灰白结节,质硬、界欠清,皮下脂肪组织厚0.5 cm。
2.2镜检特征分析
表皮大致正常,肿瘤通常见于真皮层内,可浸润到皮下组织;瘤细胞由基底样细胞和鳞状细胞组成的团块、巢状、条索状或腺管样结构,部分团块内见角质囊肿伴钙化(图1a);瘤细胞团间为宽窄不一的纤维间隔,腺管样结构管腔较小,内衬1~2层立方形细胞,腔内含嗜伊红均质状物(图1b);瘤细胞界限不清,轻度异型,核染色质粗,可见小核仁,核分裂象少见。
2.3免疫组化分析
CK(pan)(肿瘤性上皮成分+)、CEA(腺管样结构+)、Ber-EP4(-)。病理诊断:(左大腿)微囊肿性附属器癌(MAC)。
3讨论
MAC是一种向毛囊、汗腺双分化,有局部侵袭性的低度恶性肿瘤,通常发病于真皮层内,具有易向深部浸润、少见淋巴结及远处转移的特征,有其独特的临床及病理形态特征。
3.1临床特征
MAC多见于中老年人,女性略多于男性,好发于头面部和颈部,多见于鼻唇部及眶周,偶可见于胸部、阴茎等部位[3-17]。临床表现为硬性斑块、局限性结节或囊样结构,表面皮肤正常或萎缩或有鳞屑。通常无明显临床症状,肿瘤易浸润皮下组织、肌肉及软组织,偶累犯周围神经,造成局部疼痛、麻木、燒灼感或感觉异常。目前MAC病因不明,危险因素可能与长期的紫外线照射、放射治疗史、免疫抑制以及遗传因素有关[18-19],有文献报道,患者在切除胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤放疗后引发了微囊性附属器癌[20]。本例是中年女性患者,6年前有左大腿肿物切除史,未做病理检测,2年前出现手术瘢痕周围瘙痒,现就诊我院。
3.2组织学特征
本病的诊断主要依靠组织病理学检查,主要特点包括:①表皮大致正常,肿瘤通常见于真皮层内,易浸润到皮下组织、肌肉、软组织及神经。②瘤细胞由基底样细胞和鳞状细胞组成团块、巢状、条索状或腺管样结构,部分团块内见角质囊肿,越往深处角质囊肿越少。③腺管样结构管腔较小,内衬1~2层立方形细胞,腔内含嗜伊红均质状物。④瘤细胞界限不清,轻度异型,核染色质粗,可见小核仁,核分裂象少见。⑤瘤细胞团间为宽窄不一的纤维间隔,常有玻璃样变。本例具备典型的MAC组织学特征。
3.3免疫组化
瘤细胞索、腺管样结构和角质囊肿CK(pan)阳性,表明瘤细胞系向毛发和汗腺分化;腺管样结构CEA及上皮膜抗原EMA阳性,表明向汗腺方向分化;管腔内分泌物过碘酸希夫(Periodic Acid-Schif,PAS)染色阳性;瘤细胞增殖指数低,Ki67阳性细胞数<5%。
3.4鉴别诊断
MAC应与硬化性基底细胞癌、结缔组织增生性毛发上皮瘤、促纤维增生性的鳞状细胞癌、汗管瘤、乳头状小汗腺腺瘤、毛发腺瘤等鉴别。①硬化性基底细胞癌:基底样瘤细胞呈小团或索状镶嵌在增生的结缔组织中,无向导管分化的特点。MAC具有向毛囊和汗腺分化的特点。Ber-EP4阳性 、CKl5阴性可用于硬化性基底细胞癌辅助诊断。②结缔组织增生性毛发上皮瘤:多见于青少年,组织学特征为真皮浅层内见角质囊肿、多角形细胞条索及明显增生的胶原纤维。角质囊肿可伴钙化,部分可向毛囊分化呈逗号样结构,瘤细胞由嗜碱性基底样细胞组成,束状分布,胶原束间形成裂隙。CK15及EMA常阳性。③促纤维增生性的鳞状细胞癌:肿瘤由鳞状细胞组成团块、巢状或索状,细胞异型明显,核分裂像多见,纤维组织增生明显。无MAC向毛囊、汗腺双分化的特点。④汗管瘤:真皮浅层基底样细胞形成的囊腔样结构,腔内含无定形物质;特征性表现是一端呈导管状,另一端为实体条索,形如逗号或蝌蚪状。病变表浅的活检组织鉴别困难,容易误诊。⑤乳头状小汗腺腺瘤:真皮中下部见囊腔及扩张的分枝状管腔,周围包绕致密的胶原纤维,伴慢性炎细胞浸润,囊壁由2层立方形细胞组成,囊内有细小乳头状突起,细胞无明显异型性[6]。⑥毛发腺瘤:位于真皮内,界清,实性瘤细胞团和多数角质囊肿嵌于纤维血管性间质内;囊壁主要由鳞状上皮构成,有角化现象,可见颗粒层,囊内含有毳毛结构,破裂后可引起异物巨细胞反应。
3.5治疗与预后
本病的治疗方法有放疗、手术切除和Mohs显微外科手术(Mohs Micrographic Surgery,MMS),预后相对较好。一般以手术治疗为主,术后可辅以放疗,几乎不主张化疗;放疗还用于老年人或不适宜手术患者[21]。本病切除不彻底可复发,局部手术切除后的复发率是17%~60%,而MMS的复发率是12%[22]。MMS可通过冷冻切片分析,观察到肿瘤边缘,是最理想的治疗方法。本例患者最初局部手术切除,待病理诊断明确后,及时与患者及家属沟通,对肿瘤给予扩大切除术,目前在随访中。
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