摘 要:采用文献资料法、专家访谈法和实地调研法等方法对美国青少年运动员学训现状进行研究,总结出其学训制度对我国运动员文化教育工作的启示。研究结论:1)美国青少年运动员的训练、参赛和文化教育主要由州立高中运动协会联盟(NFHS)和大学体育联合会(NCAA)负责管理;2)青少年运动员培养形成以学校体育为主导,各种社会组织为辅助的体系,参赛途径多样,注重竞赛公平和维护运动员权利;3)通过制定与执行教育法规,理顺升学通道和采取学业帮助等主要措施缓解青少年运动员的学训矛盾,使得青少年运动员文化教育问题在教育系统内得到较好解决。通过研究引发对我国运动员文化教育工作的启示,是进一步探索“体教结合”的途径与方法,明确体育系统与教育系统各自的管理范围与职责;加快运动员文化教育政策法规的制定与实施;制定学生运动员文化成绩的硬性指标,坚持将其纳入各级各类体育运动学校的考核体系。
关键词:美国;青少年运动员;运动训练;学训矛盾
中国图书分类号:G808.18 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1004 - 7662(2014 )04 - 0060 - 08
Current Situation and Revelation of American Adolescent Athlete Training and Educating
ZHANG Li-qing1, SONG Zi-yu2, WANG Xuan2
(1.Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
2.Graduate School of Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China)
Abstract:Adopting methods of literature consultation, expert interview and field research, this thesis researches current situation of American adolescent athlete training and educating, explores possible enlightenment for athlete culture education in our country. Results are as follows: 1) NFHS and NCAA respectively in charge of high school student athletes and college student athletes training, competition, and cultural education. 2) Young athlete cultivation is dominated by school sports. All kinds of social organizations act as auxiliary system. American adolescent athletes have multiple ways to take part in competitions, which pay much attention to fairness and athlete’s rights. 3) Main measures like formulating and implementing education laws, facilitating athletes enter a higher school as well as providing learning guidance are carried out to alleviate contradictions between adolescent athlete training and educating. Adolescent athlete culture educating problems has been well solved inside education system. Through study, enlightenment to Chinese athlete culture education is to further explore way and method of “combination of sports and education”, to define power and responsibility of education and sports system, to speed up formulation and implementation of athlete culture education policies, to formulate a standard for culture score, and make it into assessment system of all kinds of sport schools.
Key words: American; adolescent athlete; sports training;contradiction between educating and training
青少年运动员是一个国家竞技体育可持续发展的人才宝库。对于国家来说,做好青少年运动员的文化教育工作有利于提高运动员群体的文化素养、综合能力,从而树立良好的社会形象,促进青少年体育参与和竞技体育后备人才队伍的稳定延续。对于青少年运动员自身而言,在兼顾体育训练和参赛的同时,打好文化基础,做足知识储备有利于今后求学及职业发展,对融入社会生活起到关键作用。因此,青少年运动员文化教育一直是国家和个人都密切关注的问题。2010年3月30日,国务院办公厅转发体育总局、教育部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部四部委《关于进一步加强运动员文化教育和运动员保障工作的指导意见》,再次显示了党和国家对青少年运动员文化教育的重视,同时也映射出当今青少年运动员文化教育工作的紧迫性。美国是世界头号体育强国,其职业体育和业余体育的蓬勃发展与青少年运动员的培养密不可分,尤其是在运动员培养和文化教育工作方面积累的许多实践经验值得我们认真学习和思考。
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