【摘要】 目的:探討腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)联合经胆囊管取石术(LTSE)与腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开取石术(LCH)两种术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果。方法:前瞻性收集2010年1月-2016年6月于本院治疗的胆囊结石合并胆管结石的患者,将符合入组条件的患者按照手术方式的不同分为LC+LTSE组和LC+LCH组。术后随访3~12个月,收集并整理术前、术中及术后临床资料,进行统计学分析。结果:LC+LTSE组手术时间、术后住院时间及住院费用均显著优于LCH组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组结石清除率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。LC+LTSE组胆漏发生率显著低于LCH组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而两组的急性胰腺炎、腹腔感染发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。LC+LTSE组胆管狭窄发生率明显低于LC+LCH组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而两组结石复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:LC+LTSE是腹腔镜下治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石首选手术方式,对无法经胆囊管胆道镜探查者可考虑LC+LCH方案。
【关键词】 胆道镜; 胆总管结石; 腹腔镜经胆囊管取石术; 腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术
Clinical Control Study of Laparoscopic Combined with Choledochoscopy in the Treatment of Gallbladder Stones Combined with Common Bile Duct Stones/LI Wei,SONG Weiwei,SHI Chuanke,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2018,15(26):0-049
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) combined with transcystic stone extraction (LTSE) and LC combined with laparoscopic choledocholithotomy (LCH) in the treatment of gallbladder stones combined with common bile duct stones.Method:We prospectively collected patients with cholecystolithiasis and cholelithiasis treated in our hospital from January 2010 to June 2016,patients eligible for inclusion were divided into LC+LTSE group and LC+LCH group according to different surgical methods,they were followed up for 3-12 months post operation.The clinical data of preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative were collected and analyzed statistically.Result:The operation time,postoperative hospital stay and hospitalization cost in LC+LTSE group were significantly better than those in LCH group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Comparison of calculi clearance rates between the two groups showed no significant difference(P>0.05).The rate of biliary leakage in LC+LTSE group was significantly lower than that in LCH group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).However,there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of acute pancreatitis and abdominal infection between the two groups(P>0.05).The incidence rate of bile duct stricture in the LC+LTSE group was significantly lower than that in the LC+LCH group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),while the recurrence rate of stones in the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion:LC+LTSE is the preferred surgical method for the treatment of gallbladder stones combined with choledocholithiasis under laparoscopy,the LC+LCH scheme can be considered for those who cannot pass through the gallbladder tube and choledochoscope.
【Key words】 Choledochoscope; Choledocholith; Laparoscopic transcystic stone extraction; Laparoscopic choledocholithotomy
First-author’s address:Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Zhongshan 528400,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.26.011
胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是临床上常见的复合型结石,发病率约为18.5%[1]。近年来,随着各种微创技术的发展,腹腔镜、胆道镜和十二指肠镜等在胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石的治疗中广泛应用。腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石术(LC+LCH)和腹腔镜胆囊切除+经胆囊管取石术(LC+LTSE)是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石常见手术方式,但选择何种方式尚存争议。笔者通过前瞻性临床对照研究,比较这两种术式在治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的优劣,为临床决策提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2010年1月-2016年6月于本院治疗的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄18~75岁;(2)术前经CT、B超或MRCP(磁共振胰胆管造影)确诊。排除标准:(1)合并化脓性胆管炎;(2)胆道镜或ERCP检查未发现结石者;(3)妊娠患者;(4)胆道肿瘤;(5)既往上腹部手术病史;(6)ASA(美国麻醉医师协会)评分>3分;(7)胆囊管、胆总管汇部解剖结构异常。收集一般临床资料如性别、年龄、临床表现、实验室及影像学检查等。将符合入组标准的患者按手术方式不同分为LC+LTSE组和LC+LCH组。所有患者均同意该项研究并签署知情同意书。本研究通过了伦理审查委员会的批准。
1.2 手术方法 全麻后消毒铺巾,建立气腹,常规四孔法操作。自胆囊颈部开始解剖胆囊三角,解剖出胆囊动脉,Hemolok夹夹闭后离断。游离胆囊管至胆总管汇入处,显露胆总管及肝总管。在近胆囊颈处夹闭胆囊管,切除胆囊。后根据分组进行相应操作。LC+LTSE组:将F16号尿管自胆囊管开口插入,进行扩张,后经此口置入5 mm胆道镜进行取石。较大结石经液电碎石后再用取石网篮取出。多数患者胆囊管较为狭窄需先行扩张。若胆囊管经扩张后仍不能置入胆道镜,于胆囊管近端沿胆囊管长轴切开胆囊管前壁,插入F16号尿管扩张后再行胆道镜探查。取尽结石后,胆道镜探查确认无残余结石或残渣、胆总管远端通畅、Oddi括约肌收缩良好,Hemolok夹夹闭保留侧胆囊管。除急性胆囊炎外,不常规放置腹腔引流管,清理腹腔后关闭气腹。LC+LCH组:经腹壁使用丝线悬吊圆韧带,向上、侧向牵拉胆囊管暴露肝门。于十二指肠上方胆总管纵行切开1.0~2.0 cm,后置入胆道镜探查取石。较大结石经液电碎石后再用取石网篮取出。取尽后灌洗胆道,置入T管,用4/0 Vicryl线间断缝合胆总管。经T管灌注盐水确认无胆汁渗漏后放置腹腔引流管,清理腹腔后关闭气腹。排除胆漏后于术后48~72 h拔除腹腔引流管。术后5~7 d开始夹闭T管,3~5周胆管造影无异常者拔除T管;发现残余结石者,行经T管胆道镜取石,后继续留置T管3~4周。
1.3 观察指标 两组患者手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、并发症(胆漏、胆管狭窄、胆管残余结石等)。
1.4 术后随访 对两组患者术后3~12个月进行随访并常规行B超检查,发现结石者行MRCP或ERCP检查、处理。
1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 20.0进行统计学分析,定量资料采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验,定性资料采用字2检验或Fisher精确概率法,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较 本试验最初符合入组条件患者共计342例,中途退出7例,中转开腹手术6例,最终共329例患者纳入本研究。LC+LTSE组162例,LC+LCH组167例。两组一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。
2.2 两组手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用比较 LC+LTSE组手术时间、术后住院时间均少于LC+LCH组,住院费用低于LC+LCH组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.3 两组结石清除率比较 根据术后临床症状、T管造影、彩超、ERCP或MRCP等检查确认结石清除率。LC+LTSE组的结石清除率为96.9%(157/162),与LC+LCH组的95.8%(160/167)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。其中LC+LTSE组术后残留结石者,均经EST治疗后治愈;LC+LCH组术后残留结石者,经T管胆道镜取石治疗后,仍有1例残留结石。
2.4 两组术后近期并发症发生率比较 LC+LTSE组术后胆漏发生率低于LC+LCH组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后腹腔感染、急性胰腺炎发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。急性胰腺炎及胆漏患者通过禁食、胃肠减压、抗感染等保守治疗后痊愈。
2.5 两组术后远期并发症发生率比较 术后1年成功随访者共计320例(97.3%),其中LC+LTSE组157例,LC+LCH组163例。两组结石复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);LC+LSTE组胆管狹窄发生率显著低于LC+LCH组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。
3 讨论
胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是临床常见病,近年来随着胆囊结石发病率的逐渐上升,继发性肝外胆管结石比例也逐渐增高[2],随着微创技术的发展,其治疗方式已从传统的开腹手术转向微创治疗。治疗方法主要有腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管探查术(LC+LCBDE)单阶段法和术前内镜下Oddi括约肌切开术+LC(POEST)两阶段法[3]。POEST具有快捷、简便、创伤小、恢复快、保持胆道完整性及可反复多次取石等特点,结石清除成功率达87%~97%,与LC+LCBDE无显著性差异,是目前大多数医生首选方案[4-5],但其存在如下缺点:患者需2次手术,住院时间长,经济负担重;Oddi括约肌切开导致十二指肠结构完整性破坏、功能丧失,术后易出现胆道感染和十二指肠液反流,并可能进一步导致结石复发,复发率达12.6%;对胆管内较大结石(>1 cm)、高位结石、嵌顿结石及充满型结石治疗效果欠佳;可能引起急性胰腺炎、出血、Oddi括约肌狭窄等并发症,其致病率和死亡率分别为5%~11%和0.77%~1.2%[6-10]。近年来,Oddi括约肌功能的保护逐渐受到重视,许多学者建议严格掌握EST手术适应证,对年龄较小者更应慎重[11]。
有研究表明,LC+LCBDE單阶段法与POEST两阶段法相比,两者结石清除率和并发症发生率相似,但LC+LCBDE单阶段法在住院时间、术前准备时间及住院费用更具有优势[12-15]。LC+LCBDE包括经胆总管(LCH)和经胆囊管(LTSE)两种途径[16]。但是,LCH破坏了胆道的完整性和正常生理功能,放置T管不但延长住院时间,还可能引起胆道感染、胆汁性腹膜炎、脱管、拔管后胆漏、胆管狭窄等并发症,并且患者较长时间内无法恢复正常生活,严重影响患者的生活质量。而且腹腔镜下胆总管切开探查对术者腔镜技术要求较高,尤其在胆总管较细、胆道变异的病例中,手术难度大、并发症高,胆漏等并发症发生率达7%~23.8%[12,17]。相比较,LTSE能充分利用胆囊管这一将被结扎废用的自然通道,既达到了取石的目的,又最大限度地保持胆管的完整性和正常的生理功能,避免了胆漏、胆管狭窄等并发症,更加符合微创手术的理念。多数学者认为,经胆囊管是胆管探查最为理想的途径,不但减轻对胆管的损伤,而且术后恢复快、并发症少,是治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石首选方案[18-20]。本研究结果示LC+LTSE组手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用均明显优于LC+LCH组(P<0.05),与之前研究结果相似。而且LC+LTSE组胆漏、胆管狭窄发生率均显著低于LC+LCH组,表明LTSE治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石具有明显优势,应作为首选方案。
LTSE对腹腔镜技术要求较高,操作难点在于胆道镜能否顺利经胆囊管进入胆总管。结合笔者临床经验,手术应注意以下几点:胆囊管狭窄者,可先用与胆道镜外径近似的F16号尿管扩张胆囊管,后引导胆道镜进入胆总管;对于胆囊管脆弱易撕裂或经扩张后仍不能顺利进入胆道镜者,可于胆囊管前壁沿胆囊管纵轴做一小切口,但应避免过度切开导致相应风险,取石后于近胆总管处无张力夹闭胆囊管;结石较大者,可液电碎石后再行取石;手术过程中避免过度探查胆总管下端,以防因刺激十二指肠乳头造成术后Oddi括约肌水肿导致胆漏。有以下情况时不宜行LTSE:结石较大,无碎石辅助;胆囊管解剖变异;合并肝内胆管多发结石;胆囊管狭窄、脆弱易撕裂。对于因结石因素或解剖因素无法行LTSE者,可选择LCH。笔者认为术前常规MRCP检查或术中胆管造影(IOC)可准确提供肝内外胆管解剖、胆管内结石位置、大小、个数等信息,对减少术中胆管损伤、术后胆管残石、手术方式选择及顺利完成具有重要意义。
总之,与LCH相比,LTSE具有手术时间短、术后住院时间短、住院费用低、胆漏及胆管狭窄发生率低等优点,而且结石清除率与LCH无显著差异,是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石首选方案,对于无法经胆囊管胆道镜探查时可考虑LCH方案。本研究为单中心前瞻性随机对照研究,样本量较小,并缺乏两种手术的远期疗效,需进行多中心前瞻性随机对照研究进一步比较两种手术方式的优劣。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-18) (本文編辑:张爽)
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